No Subject

Although the general elitism of human pituitary programmes restricted =
the medical imperialism to North America, Europe and Australasia, Third =
World children and women did not altogether escape the insanity of =
applying Frankenstein medicine to social conditions. A medical report in =
199119 linked the CJD death of a young Brazilian man, like those of five =
youthful New Zealand men and women20, with a childhood treatment =
involving pituitary growth hormone obtained from the US. It goes without =
saying that the fate of women in Mexico City whose breasts were injected =
with US pituitary hormones, in an appalling experiment21 to increase the =
volume of milk in lactating mothers, some already pregnant again, will =
never be known. The opportunity to contain the CJD legacy of pituitary =
gonadotrophin injections has probably been lost as women unwittingly =
risk spreading their legacy via blood donation. Similarly, the =
possibility that women treated with pituitary gonadotrophin may have =
transmitted their CJD legacy to their children has been totally cast =
aside, and there is an overwhelming medical disinterest, or perhaps =
ignorance, to investigate whether pituitary hormone treatments in the =
1960s, 1970s and 1980s may account for the CJD deaths of women, aged a =
decade younger than the average age of sporadic CJD victims, which =
frequent the pages of medical journals in the 1990s22a,21b.=20

Oddly, although the entire concept of blood-transfusion-related CJD was =
frankly dismissed by health authorities, by 1987, all US and New Zealand =
registered recipients of pituitary growth hormone had been advised not =
to donate blood and organs. It took until 1992 for Australian and =
British blood banks and transplant programmes to follow suit, with the =
result that the Australian and UK general communities were exposed to =
the risk of secondary CJD transmission for five years longer than their =
American and New Zealand counterparts. Somewhat inexplicably too, =
despite the theory of blood-transmitted CJD remaining largely unproven =
in humans, actions in the past two years indicate that authorities have =
finally opened their minds to the public health implications of the =
Manuelides' experiments. Canadian authorities spent $15 million in 1995 =
to withdraw pooled plasma, already in the process of being transfused to =
thousands across the country, on the grounds that it contained a =
donation from a man who had subsequently died of CJD23. Similarly, in =
1996, New Zealand authorities bit the bullet, albeit under weight of =
public pressure, to quarantine blood products that had been contaminated =
by a donation from a CJD infected donor24, and British blood banks also =
increased their precautionary measures with an extended questioning =
routine designed to screen out donations from parents, siblings, and =
children of CJD victims25. British microbiologist Steven Dealler, =
estimates CJD-infected blood may reach as many as 60,000 recipients each =
year26, but the years-long incubation time preceding CJD symptoms =
increases the difficulty to link a blood transfusion recipient's CJD =
with a donor source. Itfalls within the realms of possibility that =
secondary CJD in a transfusion recipient may appear years in advance of =
the primary CJD in a blood donor, and direct evidence of blood =
transfusion-transmitted CJD remained largely anecdotal until 1996 when =
the case of CJD in a liver transplant recipient was, after the liver =
donor had been cleared, traced back to a CJD-like illness in one of the =
blood donors27a,26b.=20

One year after the first cases of pituitary growth hormone related CJD =
in 1985, the first of the protein-fed cattle came down with BSE28. =
Advisory committees were set up around the world. Apparently none had =
the foresight to include public health experts trained to weigh policy =
in terms of both best and worst predictions. Instead, for the next ten =
years authorities seized every chance to preserve the reputations and =
careers of eminent politicians, physicians and scientists, and managed =
to allay public anxiety by keeping news of their bungles out of the =
media. Public and animal health ran a very poor second to the market =
pressures29 that had transformed cattle from BSE-free herbivores into =
BSE-infected carnivores with a nonregulated protein diet. In fact, even =
as BSE emerged in protein-fed British cattle in 1986, scientific advice =
that the epidemic could best be contained by compensating farmers for =
the immediate destruction of the ten thousand-odd infected cattle was =
dismissed solely on the basis of the financial outlay.=20

Following the ban placed on scrapie contaminated animal feed in 1988 the =
epidemic of BSE in cattle was supposed to be under control. According to =
authorities, the peak 1992 weekly average of 700 new cases of BSE has =
fallen to 70 cases per week in 1996. At the same time, the notion of =
control was practically contradicted by the BSE in some 27,000 cattle =
born after the 1988 ban. Rather, these figures, together with the 60 per =
cent of 1996 cases occurring in cattle born post-1988, indicated that =
pre-feed regulated cattle had passed BSE onto their calves. Like the =
theory of blood-borne CJD in humans, earlier suggestions30a,29b that the =
BSE epidemic in cattle was maintained by maternal transmission were =
dismissed, and at times ridiculed, until a 1996 study proved =
otherwise31.=20

Erring on the side of caution has invariably fallen foul of the =
brain-dead culture underpinning the BSE/CJD fiasco. As an example, the =
British Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, known as MAFF, =
sabotaged a 1990 Brussels ruling designed to prevent the spread of BSE =
across to the European mainland32. MAFF instead issued civil servants =
with secret orders to skip the computer vetting of calves set for the =
lucrative sale yards of member countries of the European Union. As a =
result, there were no checks to determine whether about two million veal =
calves sold to the European Union between 1990 and 1995 were born to =
BSE-infected cows or not. Even the computer tracing of the BSE parentage =
of some two thousand cattle sold for foreign breeding after 1990 may be =
untrustworthy, partly because of MAFF's skulduggery, and partly because =
the calculated mean incubation periodof BSE is five years. In the =
absence of a diagnostic screening test for BSE, the years-long period =
between infection and symptoms meant that it was impossible to determine =
which cattle were infected and which remained free of BSE, but an =
estimated 700,000 BSE-infected cattle entered the human food chain, =
chiefly because the animal's slaughter age, usually three years, =
predated the age at which they would show signs of BSE infection33. For =
the same reason, there is simply no way of knowing the number of =
breeding stock that were exported to the four corners of the globe =
before their sire or dam's BSE was subsequently uncovered.=20

Britain was not alone in the cover-up of the BSE scandal. In September, =
1996, the French newspaper Lib=03ration34 revealed that a memorandum =
from French official Gilbert Castille had suggested back in 1990 that =
Britain ought to be asked not to publish its research results, saying =
`it would be better to minimize BSE by practicing disinformation'. In =
fact, rather than ganging up on Britain, Brussels via Guy Legras, head =
of the European Commission's agricultural directorate, warned of the =
financial repercussions from a beef panic and hushed news of the BSE =
situation. Additionally, cattle may not be the only species within the =
meat industry that are harboring the BSE/CJD agent in readiness for the =
food chain. Until March of 1996, no restrictions were placed on feeding =
cattle offal to pigs and hens35. Together with a common practice whereby =
animal-feed manufacturers share the same equipment to mix both cattle =
and pig-feed, this approach reflects a glaring ignorance within the =
agricultural industry about the dangerously infectious nature of =
diseases such as BSE and CJD. This background, together with the extreme =
resistance of BSE and CJD to high temperatures and caustic chemicals =
that customarily rid instruments and tools of infectious materials, may =
explain the disproportional excess of CJD infection occurring in the =
farming community. It also brings the focus back to blood-route =
transmitted CJD, and raises the prospect of simple kitchen injuries =
introducing BSE from meat products into the bloodstream of an =
unsuspecting public36.=20

Some argue that the BSE panic is thinly supported by firm scientific =
evidence. Mad cows, mad scientists, and mad politicians feature =
prominently in the insults that flow back and forth. History will be the =
ultimate judge, but in the absence of a plausible alternative to =
BSE-infected beef that would account for the recent spate of =
unconventional CJD in youthful victims - aged two to five decades =
younger than the majority of sporadic CJD cases - both animals and =
humans have earned a policy that errs on the side of caution. Medical =
impropriety rather than nature has already destroyed the lives of 90 =
pituitary hormone recipients and their families; young lives have been =
snuffed out by an atypical, but equally cruel, form of CJD that appears =
to have come from herds infected by agricultural impropriety; and =
innocent British cattle are at threat of extinction because of BSE =
inflicted on them during a period of financial megalomania.=20

Sixty years of underestimating and mistaking the gravity of CJD/BSE =
issues for both humans and animals are enough. Notions37 that culling =
half of Britain's cattle population could make early inroads into global =
greenhouse targets, like those that propose restocking the sacred herds =
of India, and detonating Cambodia and Afghanistan's land mines with =
BSE-infected cattle are barbarous extensions of a brain-dead culture =
which fostered its own breeding ground by convincing the public that =
"there was no evidence" of a dire outcome. More truthfully, there was =
"no way of telling", and it remains to be seen whether the final =
consequences of the CJD/BSE mismanagememt will match or outscore the =
ramifications of the AIDS epidemic.=20

A worst case scenario-sized CJD epidemic will smash rather than stretch =
every available human resource. European imperialists, joined in this =
century by those from the United States, and to a lesser extent Canada =
and Australia, have widened the gap between developed and developing =
regions with modern discrimination38a,37b,37c,37d,37e that transgresses =
the boundaries of animal and human rights, development, environment, =
nuclear weapons, population, trade and wealth. Similarly, the bigotry of =
medical expansionists has exploited the vulnerability of infertile women =
and short-statured children with human pituitary hormone cures that, in =
the end, have clouded their futures with a life-long threat of CJD. =
Infertile women are the invisible victims within the scandalous human =
pituitary hormone equation of the medical imperialists. Mad cow =
imperialists may be intent on turning Third World countries into storage =
yards for manmade BSE, but their would-be victims, wary of their abuse =
as virtual dumping grounds for nuclear waste, toxic chemicals and =
perilous medications, are highly unlikely to fall for that caper. =
Rather, like the absurd reassurances from government authorities, and =
the invisibility accorded infertile women by CJD imperialists, these =
racist proposals are proof that a collective braindead culture has =
learned little, or perhaps nothing, from sixty years of its own mindless =
economics, science and politics.=20

. 1=20

  a.. 1. Webster, Philip and Laurence, Jeremy. New infection linked to =
mad cow disease. The Times [U.K.] March 21, 1996, page 1. 2 3=20
  b.. 2. Cooke, Jennifer. Compensation for UK growth drug victim's. =
Sydney Morning Herald, July 22, 1996, page 1 4 3.=20
  c.. Hsich, Gary, Kenney, Kimbra, Gibbs, Clarence J., Lee, Kelvin H. =
and Harrington, Michael G. The 14-3-3 brain protein in cerebrospinal =
fluid as a marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The New =
England Journal of Medicine 1996; 335: 924-930. 5=20
  d.. 4.Harrington, Michael G., Merrill, Carl R., Asher, David M. and =
Gajdusek, D. Carleton. Abnormal protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of =
patients with Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. New England Journal of Medicine =
1986; 315: 279-283. 6=20
  e.. 5. Eckroade, Robert J., Zu Rhein, Gabriele M., Marsh, Richard F., =
and Hanson, Robert P. Transmissible mink encephalopathy: Experimental =
transmission to the squirrel monkey. Science 1970; 169: 1088-1090. 7=20
  f.. 6.Gajdusek, D. Carleton. Unconventional viruses and the origin and =
disappearance of kuru. Science 1977; 197: 943-960. 8=20
  g.. 7a. Manuelidis, Elias E. Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease =
from man to the guinea pig. Science 1975; 190: 571-572.=20
  h.. 7b. Manuelidis, Elias E., Gorgacz, Edward J. and Manuelidis, =
Laura. Viremia in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Science 1978; =
200: 1069-1071. 9=20
  i.. 8. Taylor, David M., Dickinson, A.G., Fraser, H., Robertson, P. =
A., Salacinski, P.R. and Lowry, P.J. Preparations of human growth =
hormone free from contamination with unconventional slow viruses. The =
Lancet 1985; ii: 260-262. 10=20
  j.. 9.Kumar, Sanjay. Aetiology of CJD in India is unknown. Lancet =
1996; 347: 1320. 11=20
  k.. 10. Billette de Villemeur, Thierry, Beauvais, P., Gourmelen, M. =
and Richardet, J-M. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in children treated with =
growth hormone. The Lancet 1991; 337: 864-865. 12=20
  l.. 11.Balter, Michael. French scientists may face charges over CJD =
outbreak. Science 1993; 261: 543. 13=20
  m.. 12.Billette de Villemeur, Thierry, Deslys, Jean-Philippe, Pradel, =
A., Soubrie, C., Alp=03rovitch, A., Tardieu, M., Chaussain, J-L., Hauw, =
J-J., Dormont, Dominique, Ruberg, M. and Agid, Y. Creutzfeldt-Jakob =
disease from contaminated growth hormone in France. Neurology 1996; 47: =
690-695. 14=20
  n.. 13. Dumble, Lynette J. Beef jerkies: Manmade Creutzfeldt-Jakob and =
mad cow disease. 21_C 1996; iv: 80-81 15=20
  o.. 14.Cochius, Jeffrey I., Mack, K., Burns, R.J., Alderman, C.P. and =
Blumbergs, P.C. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a recipient of human =
pituitary derived gonadotrophin. Australian and New Zealand Journal of =
Medicine 1990; 20: 592-593. 16=20
  p.. 15.Pallot, Peter. `Mad cow' risk facing 300 fertility drug =
treatment women. The Daily Telegraph [London] September 2, 1993, page 1. =
17=20
  q.. 16a.Crooke, Arthur Carleton (with Butt, W.R., Morris, R. and =
Palmer, R). Pregnancy following treatment with human pituitary follicle =
stimulating hormone and chorionic gonadotrophin. Acta Endocrinologica =
1962; Supplement 67: 132 [Abstract].=20
  r.. 16b. Crooke, Arthur Carleton , Butt, W.R., Morris, R., Palmer, =
R.F. and Edwards, R. Logan. Pregnancy in women with secondary =
amenorrhoea treated with human gonadotrophins. The Lancet 1964; i: =
184-188.=20
  s.. 16c. Crooke, Arthur Carleton, Butt, W.R., Palmer, R.F., Morris, =
R., Edwards, R. Logan and Anson, C.J. Clinical trial of human =
gonadotrophins. I.-The effect of pituitary and urinary follicle =
stimulating hormone and chorionic gonadotrophin on patients with =
idiopathic secondary amenorrhoea. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology =
of the British Commonwealth 1964; 70: 604-631.=20
  t.. 16d. Crooke, Arthur Carleton, Butt, W.R., and Bertrand, P.V. =
Clinical trial of human gonadotrophins. III Variation in sensitivity =
between patients and standardization of treatment. Acta Endocrinologica =
1966; 53 [Supplement 111]: 3-26.=20
  u.. 16e. Crooke, Arthur Carleton, Sutaria, U.D. and Bertrand, P.V. =
Comparison of daily with twice-weekly injections of follicle- =
stimulating hormone for treatment of failure of ovulation. American =
Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 1971; 111: 405-412.=20
  v.. 16f. Crooke, Arthur Carleton, Sutaria, U.D. and Bertrand, P.V. =
Treatment of ovarian insufficiency with gonadotrophins. Endocrinologia =
Experimentalis 1973; 7: 275-281. 18=20
  w.. 17a.United States National Pituitary Agency. Report to National =
Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism and Digestive Disorders [NIAMDD] =
through December 1975. Submitted May 1, 1976, pages 1-54.=20
  x.. 17b. Bettendorf, G. Human hypophyseal gonadotropin (HHG) and its =
clinical effects. International Journal of Fertility. 1964; 9: 351-366.=20
  y.. 17c. Gemzell, Carl A., Diczfalusy, Egon and Tillinger, =
Karl-Gunnar. Clinical effect of human pituitary follicle-stimulating =
hormone [FSH]. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1958; =
18: 1333-1348. 19=20
  z.. 18. Macario, Maria E., Vaisman, Mario, Buescu, Alexandre, Moura =
Neta, Vivaldo, Araujo, Helena M.M. and Chagas, Carlos. Pituitary growth =
hormone and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. BMJ 1991; 302: 1149. 20=20
  aa.. 19.Slinger, Sonja. Scandal grows as deadly disease claims another =
victim. The Daily News [New Zealand], April 19, 1996, page 1. 21=20
  ab.. 20.Lyons, W.R., Li, Choh Hao and Ahmad, Nazir. Mammotrophic =
effects of human hypophysial growth hormone preparations in animals and =
man. In: Growth Hormone [editors: Pecile, A. and M=02ller, E.E.]. =
Proceedings of the first international symposium on growth hormone, =
Milan, Italy, September 11-13, 1967. Excerpta Medica Foundation, =
International Congress Series No. 158: Amsterdam, 1968, p 349-363. 22=20
  ac.. 21a.Grant, Michael P., Cohen, Mark, Petersen, Robert B., =
Halmagyi, Michael, McDougall, Alan, Tusa, Ronald J. and Leigh, R. John. =
Abnormal eye movements in Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Annals of Neurology =
1993; 34: 192-197.=20
  ad.. 21b. Yoon, Sidney S., Chan, Stephan, Chin, S., Lee, K. and =
Goodman, R.R. MRI of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: Asymmetric high signal =
density of the basal ganglia. Neurology 1995; 45: 1932-1933. 23=20
  ae.. 22. Picard, Anne. Blood withdrawal to cost $15 million. Toronto =
Globe and Mail, September 5, 1995, pages A1 and A2. 24=20
  af.. 23.Slinger, Sonja. Suspect blood product withdrawn. The Daily =
News [New Zealand], May 11, 1996. 25=20
  ag.. 24.Morgan, Janet. Blood to be screened for CJD. BMJ 1996; 313: =
441. 26=20
  ah.. 25.Hall, Celia. Blood donors screened for link with CJD. The =
Daily Telegraph [London] August 23, 1996. 27=20
  ai.. 26a.Cr=03ange, Alain, Gray, Fran=08oise, Cesaro, Pierre, =
Adle-Biassette, Homa, Duvois, Christophe, Cherqui, Daniel, Bell, Jeanne, =
Parchi, Piero, Gambetti, Pierluigi and Degos, Jean-Denis. =
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease after liver transplantation. Annals of =
Neurology 1995: 38: 269-271.=20
  aj.. 26b. Cr=03ange, Alain, Gray, Fran=08oise, Cesaro, Pierre, and =
Degos, Jean-Denis. Pooled plasma derivatives and Creutzfeldt-Jakob =
disease. The Lancet 1996: 347: 482. 28=20
  ak.. 27. Cooke, Jennifer and Beale, Bob. The mystery of the secret =
epidemic. The Sydney Morning Herald May 21, 1994, Spectrum pages 1A and =
4A. 29=20
  al.. 28.Dealler, Steven. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy: Disease is =
due to pressure on farming industry. BMJ 1996; 313: 171. 30=20
  am.. 29a. Lacey, Richard W. and Dealler, Steven F. The transmission of =
prion disease. Vertical transfer of prion disease. Human Reproduction =
1994; 9: 1792-1796.=20
  an.. 29b. Lacey, Richard W. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is being =
maintained by vertical and horizontal transmission. BMJ 1996; 312: =
180-181. 31=20
  ao.. 30.Anderson, R.M., Donnelly, C.A., Ferguson, N.M., Woolhouse, =
M.E.J., Watt, C.J., Udy, H.J., MaWhinnney, S., Dunstan, S.P., Southwood, =
T.R.E., Wilesmith, J.W., Ryan, J.B.M., Hionville, L.J., Hillerton, J.E., =
Austin, A.R. and Wells, G.A.H. Transmission dynamics and epidemiology of =
BSE in British cattle. Nature 1996; 382: 779-788. 32=20
  ap.. 31. Hooper, John. Britain evaded BSE checks for Europe. The =
Guardian Weekly September 1, 1996, page 9. 33=20
  aq.. 32.Radford, Tim. 700,000 BSE cattle 'fed to humans'. The Guardian =
Weekly September 8, 1996, page 9. 34=20
  ar.. 33. Bates, Stephen. EU hushed up BSE scandal for five years. The =
Guardian Weekly September 8, 1996, page 1. 35=20
  as.. 34.Pearce, Fred. BSE may lurk in pigs and chickens. New Scientist =
April 6, 1996, page 5. 36=20
  at.. 35.Bonfiglioni, Catriona. Cooking risk from mad cow beef, Aust =
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  au.. 36. Pearce, Fred. Dead cows don't fart ... or belch. New =
Scientist August 31, 1996, page 5. 38=20
  av.. 37a. Nair, Sumati. Imperialism and the Control of Women's Bodies. =
New Hormonal Contraceptives, Population Control and the World Health =
Organization. London and Amsterdam: The campaign against long-acting =
hormonal contraceptives, 1989.=20
  aw.. 37b. Shiva, Vandana. Development as a new project of western =
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  ax.. 37c. Shiva, Vandana. The Violence of the GREEN REVOLUTION: Third =
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Penang: Third World Network, 1991.=20
  ay.. 37d. Hynes, H. Patricia. Taking Population Out of the Equation. =
Reformulating 1 =3D PAT. North Amherst, Massachusetts: Institute on =
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  az.. 37e. Hartmann, Betsy. Reproductive Rights & Wrongs: The Global =
Politics of Population Control. Boston: South End Press, 1994.


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<BODY bgColor=3D#ffffff>
<DIV style=3D"FONT: 10pt arial"></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><A=20
href=3D"http://sparc.airtime.co.uk/bse/lynete.htm">http://sparc.airtime.c=
o.uk/bse/lynete.htm</A></FONT></FONT></DIV>
<DIV><FONT face=3DArial size=3D2><FONT face=3D"Times New Roman" =
size=3D3>Article for=20
publication: many apologies for the layout it has been difficult to =
correct with=20
the computer style used </FONT></DIV>
<P>
<CENTER>
<H2>THE THIRD WORLD AND INFERTILE WOMEN: THE WOULD-BE VICTIMS AND =
INVISIBLE=20
VICTIMS OF MAD COW AND CREUTZFELDT-JAKOB DISEASE =
IMPERIALISTS</H2></CENTER>
<P><I>Dr. Lynette J. Dumble, Senior Research Fellow, University of =
Melbourne's=20
Department of Surgery, at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Parkville, Vic., =
3050,=20
Australia.</I>=20
<P>Revelations in Britain during 1996 have brought a new dimension to =
the=20
incurable brain infections - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [CJD] in humans =
and=20
bovine spongiform encephalopathy [BSE] in cattle. Before then, science =
and=20
health experts had maintained that humans could not catch CJD from =
eating=20
BSE-infected beef. An announcement from the House of Commons on March =
201 turned=20
that assurance on its head with an admission that meat products from=20
BSE-infected cattle had probably spread a novel form of CJD to humans.=20
Attracting less international attention, a landmark High Court ruling on =
July=20
212, deemed that the Department of Health had been negligent in =
permitting the=20
human pituitary growth hormone treatment of short-statured children up =
until=20
1985, following warnings back in 1977 that the hormone was possibly =
contaminated=20
with the agent of CJD. Disingenuously, the High Court passed no =
judgement on the=20
clinical use of another hormone, human pituitary gonadotrophin, that was =

produced under the umbrella of the absolute same program that =
manufactured the=20
paediatric growth hormone, and which, with identical clues to its CJD=20
contamination, had been injected into infertile women during exactly the =
same=20
time frame.=20
<P>Formerly a rare disease that affected less than one per million in =
most=20
countries, one worst case scenario predicts that the incidence of CJD in =
the UK=20
will escalate from, on average, fifty annually to claim ten thousand =
Britons by=20
the year 2000, and a further ten million by the year 2010. Another =
predicts that=20
half the British people, some 30 million, will be left brain-dead by =
CJD. While=20
a CJD epidemic of this proportion largely defies contemplation, it has =
also=20
raised the question of whether nature or human error was responsible for =
what=20
amounts to an unprecedented assault on human and animal life. As the =
history=20
behind both announcements unfolds, it becomes increasingly obvious that =
the=20
BSE/CJD tragedies were born out of a brain-dead culture that arose from =
the=20
overlapping agricultural and medical impropriety of this century.=20
<P>Plainly, the legacy of the brain-dead culture is a public health and =
economic=20
scandal of unequaled proportions. Responsible management of the =
disastrous=20
situation is largely dependent on overturning the brain-dead notions =
which over=20
time have established the dire 1996 BSE/CJD positions. Faced with a =
worldwide=20
boycott of British beef, and with millions of cattle destined for =
cremation,=20
authorities have disenchantingly persisted with face-saving =
reassurances, the=20
majority of which have been disproven with almost monotonous regularity. =
In=20
keeping with the medical imperialism that turned infertile women and=20
short-staturedchildren into human incubators of pituitary =
hormone-related CJD,=20
mad cow imperialists have suggested that the Third World can rescue =
Europe from=20
the impending BSE-related financial disaster, and intensely preoccupied =
with=20
another incurable brain illness, kuru, which had reached epidemic3 =
already=20
India, Cambodia and Afghanistan have, very unofficially, been touted as =
dumping=20
grounds for BSE-infected cattle in a last ditch attempt to salvage =
something=20
from the chaos.=20
<P>Malignant twists of nature, by way of bubonic plague through to =
potato=20
blight, have killed masses throughout the ages, but the present story of =

spongiform encephalopathies is unique in that the epidemic was largely =
manmade.=20
Scrapie, the sheep equivalent of BSE/CJD, has been around for more than =
two=20
centuries. Somewhat in contrast, human spongiform encephalopathy was =
unheard of=20
before two German physicians, Creutzfeldt and Jakob, independently =
reported the=20
initial cases in the 1920s. There had been no concerted effort to find a =

diagnostic screening test to identify CJD/BSE infection until the =
financial=20
undertones of the 1996 BSE straits stimulated a re-interest in the =
cerebrospinal=20
fluid test4 which Michael Harrington had already developed in California =
a=20
decade earlier5, but there is no known medication that can cure or allay =
the=20
cruelty of human or animal death from the diseases. In humans, outward =
warning=20
symptoms only emerge after a prolonged incubation period that, in =
iatrogenic=20
cases, has ranged from as few as two to as many as thirty five years. By =
that=20
stage, the agent of CJD has already turned the brain into the =
sponge-like mass=20
that led this group of diseases to be classified as spongiform slow =
virus=20
disorders in the first instance. Death may be a welcomed escape from the =

myoclonic jerks of CJD which, while silently eating away at the brain =
over=20
years, robs humans of their every means communication; the ability to =
hear, see,=20
and speak. Gone too is the understanding of written and spoken native =
language,=20
and with it every scrap of dignity. Similarly, BSE has no respect for =
cattle=20
decorum, and a furnace is the fate of confused and trembling animals =
that the=20
disease has deprived of their own feet to stand on.=20
<P>The original lesson about the infectious nature of these brain =
diseases came=20
from a 1934 vaccine catastrophe in the UK which brought scrapie to =
almost five=20
thousand out of eighteen thousand lambs within two years of their =
immunization=20
against louping-ill virus infection. Scientists tracing back discovered =
that the=20
vaccine serum was prepared from a number of lambs whose dams had =
subsequently=20
developed scrapie or "mad sheep disease". The significance of scrapie =
passing=20
vertically from ewes to their lambs, and horizontally from lamb to lamb =
by=20
virtue of the vaccine injections, was kept from international eyes when =
a series=20
of egotistical carry-ons prevented the data from reaching the pages of =
the=20
scientific literature for a further fifteen years.=20
<P>By then, as the 1950s dawned, "mad sheep disease" jumped the species =
barrier=20
when a scrapie-infected food supplement brought a similar brain illness =
to farm=20
mink in 19476. This news scarcely interested the medico-scientific =
community=20
who, by this stage, had become proportions amongst the Fore people =
living in the=20
highlands of New Guinea. Anthropologists from the University of Adelaide =

unravelled a chain of events to trace kuru back to the reverent =
consumption of=20
deceased tribal member's bodies, with the brain almost certainly being =
the vital=20
infectious denominator. Kuru was essentially eradicated when New Guinea=20
authorities acted on the anthropological clue in 1959 to outlaw the =
eating of=20
human flesh, but the 1976 Nobel Prize was instead awarded to American =
Carlton=20
Gajdusek whose experiments had demonstrated that injections of kuru =
brain in=20
1967, and CJD brain in 1969, reproduced similar illnesses in =
chimpanzees7.=20
Currently out on bail while awaiting trial for multiple charges of child =

molestation laid against him by one the New Guinea youths he has =
sponsored into=20
the United States over the past 30 years, Gajdusek's research did =
however put an=20
end to ideas that species barriers were an impediment to the spread of =
this type=20
of disease.=20
<P>Two neuroscientists from Yale University in the United States, Laura =
and the=20
late Eli Manuelides, went on to illustrate by 1975 that injections of =
human=20
blood, like injections of brain taken from kuru and CJD victims, =
transmitted the=20
disease across the species barrier to laboratory animals8a,7b. Their =
prophetic,=20
but unheeded, message implied that blood was the vehicle that carried =
the agent=20
of CJD around the body until it chanced upon a hospitable residence like =
the=20
brain. In other words, the blood route was identified as a key element =
in the=20
transmission of CJD from a primary host to secondary one. As distinct =
from=20
infections such as influenza which is caused by an air-borne virus, but =
in=20
parallel with AIDS and hepatitis B which are caused by blood-borne =
viruses, this=20
meant that recipients exposed to human pituitary gland hormone =
injections, or to=20
blood or organ transplants from a donor with CJD, risked becoming =
secondary CJD=20
hosts once contagious material entered their blood stream.=20
<P>Even as the understanding of spongiform encephalopathy increased, =
various=20
human pituitary hormones programs in countries such as Australia, =
France, Great=20
Britain, New Zealand, and the United States were attracting hefty =
government=20
sponsorships. Few of the program's stalwarts caught onto the =
implications of the=20
Manuelides' experiments, and attempts between the years of 1978 and =
19829 to=20
filter the CJD agent out of the pituitary hormones being injected into=20
unsuspecting short-statured children and infertile women were left to =
British=20
scientist and scrapie expert, Alan Dickinson. At about the same time, a =
British=20
Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution in 1979 raised the =
possibility that=20
the unregulated cycling of protein-rich sheep remains back into animal =
feed=20
might spread scrapie to cattle, as it had done to farm mink three =
decades=20
beforehand, via the oral route. At the same time too, in the push to =
meet the=20
insatiable demand for more and more growth hormone, India, the world's =
second=20
most populous country, became a Mecca for pituitary gland harvests. =
Literally=20
millions of pituitaries were harvested from cadavers in the subcontinent =
and=20
sent togovernment laboratories back in Europe and North America. The =
promised=20
repayment in kind, namely with a supply of extracted growth hormone to =
treat=20
short-statured children in India, became an unpaid debt. Ironically, =
that broken=20
imperialist promise may account for India's enviable present day =
position of=20
discounting the presence of CJD anywhere in the country10.=20
<P>By 1985, the first of the fatal legacies from the medical imperialism =
emerged=20
with four cases of CJD in human pituitary growth hormone-treated =
children.=20
Programs were immediately halted in most countries, the notable =
exception being=20
France where the growth hormone treatment of children continued, based =
on the=20
haughty assumption that the purity of the French hormone-extraction =
process=20
accounted for the absence of a single case of CJD to that point in time. =
Four=20
years later, in 1989, during which time the number of French children at =
risk of=20
growth-hormone-related CJD had practically doubled, the first French =
children=20
fulfilled that tragic legacy11. In 1993, France's medical imperialists =
contended=20
with possible manslaughter charges12, and by 1996 France owned half of =
the=20
world's 90 cases of pituitary hormone-related CJD13.=20
<P>From the earliest stages of the human pituitary hormone programmes, =
the=20
wheels had been set in motion to conceal the fate of infertile women =
exposed to=20
CJD-contaminated gonadotrophin14. Unlike growth hormone-treated =
children, whose=20
years of biweekly to daily injections made it impossible for =
paediatricians to=20
avoid the clerical red-tape that came with government sponsorship, =
women's=20
gonadotrophin injections usually lasted for less than six months. As a =
result,=20
there was frequently left-over gonadotrophin that infertility =
specialists could=20
inject into new candidates without going through the bureaucratic =
application=20
process to renew hormone supplies. This also meant that government =
records of=20
women exposed to pituitary gonadotrophin were less than complete. =
Additionally,=20
just three years after the first cases of pituitary growth =
hormone-related CJD,=20
the National Institutes of Health in the United States prematurely =
assumed in=20
1988 that the short-term nature of the gonadotrophin treatment precluded =
any=20
risk of contracting CJD, and set about shredding the records of =
infertile women=20
treated by some 250 US gynecologists over the previous 15 years. A year =
later,=20
in 1989, the pituitary infertility hormone snared its first CJD victim, =
a forty=20
year-old woman in Australia15. By 1993, the CJD of another three =
Australian=20
women, all aged within a year or two of forty, had been traced back to=20
injections of pituitary gonadotrophin. By the time news of pituitary=20
gonadotrophin-related CJD hit the headlines in Britain in 1993, =
authorities were=20
in no position to answer consumer inquiries, one of which came from a 32 =
year=20
old woman whose mother had died of CJD when aged 55 in 1975 after having =

received five pituitary gonadotrophin injections in 1960, because =
whatever=20
records had once existed had by then also been shredded16. Officially, =
300=20
infertile British women were exposed to pituitary gonadotrophin, but =
medical=20
literature17a,16b,16,c,16d,16e,16f from UK infertility circles, dating =
back to=20
the 1960s, indicates that the number was probably much larger. While the =
risk of=20
gonadotrophin-relatedCJD to Australian and, to a lesser extent, British =
women=20
has reached the general media, the entire issue for American, German and =

Scandinavian women18a,17b,17c7 has scarcely been touched.=20
<P>Although the general elitism of human pituitary programmes restricted =
the=20
medical imperialism to North America, Europe and Australasia, Third =
World=20
children and women did not altogether escape the insanity of applying=20
Frankenstein medicine to social conditions. A medical report in 199119 =
linked=20
the CJD death of a young Brazilian man, like those of five youthful New =
Zealand=20
men and women20, with a childhood treatment involving pituitary growth =
hormone=20
obtained from the US. It goes without saying that the fate of women in =
Mexico=20
City whose breasts were injected with US pituitary hormones, in an =
appalling=20
experiment21 to increase the volume of milk in lactating mothers, some =
already=20
pregnant again, will never be known. The opportunity to contain the CJD =
legacy=20
of pituitary gonadotrophin injections has probably been lost as women=20
unwittingly risk spreading their legacy via blood donation. Similarly, =
the=20
possibility that women treated with pituitary gonadotrophin may have =
transmitted=20
their CJD legacy to their children has been totally cast aside, and =
there is an=20
overwhelming medical disinterest, or perhaps ignorance, to investigate =
whether=20
pituitary hormone treatments in the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s may account =
for the=20
CJD deaths of women, aged a decade younger than the average age of =
sporadic CJD=20
victims, which frequent the pages of medical journals in the =
1990s22a,21b.=20
<P>Oddly, although the entire concept of blood-transfusion-related CJD =
was=20
frankly dismissed by health authorities, by 1987, all US and New Zealand =

registered recipients of pituitary growth hormone had been advised not =
to donate=20
blood and organs. It took until 1992 for Australian and British blood =
banks and=20
transplant programmes to follow suit, with the result that the =
Australian and UK=20
general communities were exposed to the risk of secondary CJD =
transmission for=20
five years longer than their American and New Zealand counterparts. =
Somewhat=20
inexplicably too, despite the theory of blood-transmitted CJD remaining =
largely=20
unproven in humans, actions in the past two years indicate that =
authorities have=20
finally opened their minds to the public health implications of the =
Manuelides'=20
experiments. Canadian authorities spent $15 million in 1995 to withdraw =
pooled=20
plasma, already in the process of being transfused to thousands across =
the=20
country, on the grounds that it contained a donation from a man who had=20
subsequently died of CJD23. Similarly, in 1996, New Zealand authorities =
bit the=20
bullet, albeit under weight of public pressure, to quarantine blood =
products=20
that had been contaminated by a donation from a CJD infected donor24, =
and=20
British blood banks also increased their precautionary measures with an =
extended=20
questioning routine designed to screen out donations from parents, =
siblings, and=20
children of CJD victims25. British microbiologist Steven Dealler, =
estimates=20
CJD-infected blood may reach as many as 60,000 recipients each year26, =
but the=20
years-long incubation time preceding CJD symptoms increases the =
difficulty to=20
link a blood transfusion recipient's CJD with a donor source. Itfalls =
within the=20
realms of possibility that secondary CJD in a transfusion recipient may =
appear=20
years in advance of the primary CJD in a blood donor, and direct =
evidence of=20
blood transfusion-transmitted CJD remained largely anecdotal until 1996 =
when the=20
case of CJD in a liver transplant recipient was, after the liver donor =
had been=20
cleared, traced back to a CJD-like illness in one of the blood =
donors27a,26b.=20
<P>One year after the first cases of pituitary growth hormone related =
CJD in=20
1985, the first of the protein-fed cattle came down with BSE28. Advisory =

committees were set up around the world. Apparently none had the =
foresight to=20
include public health experts trained to weigh policy in terms of both =
best and=20
worst predictions. Instead, for the next ten years authorities seized =
every=20
chance to preserve the reputations and careers of eminent politicians,=20
physicians and scientists, and managed to allay public anxiety by =
keeping news=20
of their bungles out of the media. Public and animal health ran a very =
poor=20
second to the market pressures29 that had transformed cattle from =
BSE-free=20
herbivores into BSE-infected carnivores with a nonregulated protein =
diet. In=20
fact, even as BSE emerged in protein-fed British cattle in 1986, =
scientific=20
advice that the epidemic could best be contained by compensating farmers =
for the=20
immediate destruction of the ten thousand-odd infected cattle was =
dismissed=20
solely on the basis of the financial outlay.=20
<P>Following the ban placed on scrapie contaminated animal feed in 1988 =
the=20
epidemic of BSE in cattle was supposed to be under control. According to =

authorities, the peak 1992 weekly average of 700 new cases of BSE has =
fallen to=20
70 cases per week in 1996. At the same time, the notion of control was=20
practically contradicted by the BSE in some 27,000 cattle born after the =
1988=20
ban. Rather, these figures, together with the 60 per cent of 1996 cases=20
occurring in cattle born post-1988, indicated that pre-feed regulated =
cattle had=20
passed BSE onto their calves. Like the theory of blood-borne CJD in =
humans,=20
earlier suggestions30a,29b that the BSE epidemic in cattle was =
maintained by=20
maternal transmission were dismissed, and at times ridiculed, until a =
1996 study=20
proved otherwise31.=20
<P>Erring on the side of caution has invariably fallen foul of the =
brain-dead=20
culture underpinning the BSE/CJD fiasco. As an example, the British =
Ministry of=20
Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, known as MAFF, sabotaged a 1990 =
Brussels ruling=20
designed to prevent the spread of BSE across to the European mainland32. =
MAFF=20
instead issued civil servants with secret orders to skip the computer =
vetting of=20
calves set for the lucrative sale yards of member countries of the =
European=20
Union. As a result, there were no checks to determine whether about two =
million=20
veal calves sold to the European Union between 1990 and 1995 were born =
to=20
BSE-infected cows or not. Even the computer tracing of the BSE parentage =
of some=20
two thousand cattle sold for foreign breeding after 1990 may be =
untrustworthy,=20
partly because of MAFF's skulduggery, and partly because the calculated =
mean=20
incubation periodof BSE is five years. In the absence of a diagnostic =
screening=20
test for BSE, the years-long period between infection and symptoms meant =
that it=20
was impossible to determine which cattle were infected and which =
remained free=20
of BSE, but an estimated 700,000 BSE-infected cattle entered the human =
food=20
chain, chiefly because the animal's slaughter age, usually three years, =
predated=20
the age at which they would show signs of BSE infection33. For the same =
reason,=20
there is simply no way of knowing the number of breeding stock that were =

exported to the four corners of the globe before their sire or dam's BSE =
was=20
subsequently uncovered.=20
<P>Britain was not alone in the cover-up of the BSE scandal. In =
September, 1996,=20
the French newspaper Lib=03ration34 revealed that a memorandum from =
French=20
official Gilbert Castille had suggested back in 1990 that Britain ought =
to be=20
asked not to publish its research results, saying `it would be better to =

minimize BSE by practicing disinformation'. In fact, rather than ganging =
up on=20
Britain, Brussels via Guy Legras, head of the European Commission's =
agricultural=20
directorate, warned of the financial repercussions from a beef panic and =
hushed=20
news of the BSE situation. Additionally, cattle may not be the only =
species=20
within the meat industry that are harboring the BSE/CJD agent in =
readiness for=20
the food chain. Until March of 1996, no restrictions were placed on =
feeding=20
cattle offal to pigs and hens35. Together with a common practice whereby =

animal-feed manufacturers share the same equipment to mix both cattle =
and=20
pig-feed, this approach reflects a glaring ignorance within the =
agricultural=20
industry about the dangerously infectious nature of diseases such as BSE =
and=20
CJD. This background, together with the extreme resistance of BSE and =
CJD to=20
high temperatures and caustic chemicals that customarily rid instruments =
and=20
tools of infectious materials, may explain the disproportional excess of =
CJD=20
infection occurring in the farming community. It also brings the focus =
back to=20
blood-route transmitted CJD, and raises the prospect of simple kitchen =
injuries=20
introducing BSE from meat products into the bloodstream of an =
unsuspecting=20
public36.=20
<P>Some argue that the BSE panic is thinly supported by firm scientific=20
evidence. Mad cows, mad scientists, and mad politicians feature =
prominently in=20
the insults that flow back and forth. History will be the ultimate =
judge, but in=20
the absence of a plausible alternative to BSE-infected beef that would =
account=20
for the recent spate of unconventional CJD in youthful victims - aged =
two to=20
five decades younger than the majority of sporadic CJD cases - both =
animals and=20
humans have earned a policy that errs on the side of caution. Medical=20
impropriety rather than nature has already destroyed the lives of 90 =
pituitary=20
hormone recipients and their families; young lives have been snuffed out =
by an=20
atypical, but equally cruel, form of CJD that appears to have come from =
herds=20
infected by agricultural impropriety; and innocent British cattle are at =
threat=20
of extinction because of BSE inflicted on them during a period of =
financial=20
megalomania.=20
<P>Sixty years of underestimating and mistaking the gravity of CJD/BSE =
issues=20
for both humans and animals are enough. Notions37 that culling half of =
Britain's=20
cattle population could make early inroads into global greenhouse =
targets, like=20
those that propose restocking the sacred herds of India, and detonating =
Cambodia=20
and Afghanistan's land mines with BSE-infected cattle are barbarous =
extensions=20
of a brain-dead culture which fostered its own breeding ground by =
convincing the=20
public that "there was no evidence" of a dire outcome. More truthfully, =
there=20
was "no way of telling", and it remains to be seen whether the final=20
consequences of the CJD/BSE mismanagememt will match or outscore the=20
ramifications of the AIDS epidemic.=20
<P>A worst case scenario-sized CJD epidemic will smash rather than =
stretch every=20
available human resource. European imperialists, joined in this century =
by those=20
from the United States, and to a lesser extent Canada and Australia, =
have=20
widened the gap between developed and developing regions with modern=20
discrimination38a,37b,37c,37d,37e that transgresses the boundaries of =
animal and=20
human rights, development, environment, nuclear weapons, population, =
trade and=20
wealth. Similarly, the bigotry of medical expansionists has exploited =
the=20
vulnerability of infertile women and short-statured children with human=20
pituitary hormone cures that, in the end, have clouded their futures =
with a=20
life-long threat of CJD. Infertile women are the invisible victims =
within the=20
scandalous human pituitary hormone equation of the medical imperialists. =
Mad cow=20
imperialists may be intent on turning Third World countries into storage =
yards=20
for manmade BSE, but their would-be victims, wary of their abuse as =
virtual=20
dumping grounds for nuclear waste, toxic chemicals and perilous =
medications, are=20
highly unlikely to fall for that caper. Rather, like the absurd =
reassurances=20
from government authorities, and the invisibility accorded infertile =
women by=20
CJD imperialists, these racist proposals are proof that a collective =
braindead=20
culture has learned little, or perhaps nothing, from sixty years of its =
own=20
mindless economics, science and politics.=20
<P>. 1=20
<UL>
  <LI>1. Webster, Philip and Laurence, Jeremy. New infection linked to =
mad cow=20
  disease. The Times [U.K.] March 21, 1996, page 1. 2 3=20
  <LI>2. Cooke, Jennifer. Compensation for UK growth drug victim's. =
Sydney=20
  Morning Herald, July 22, 1996, page 1 4 3.=20
  <LI>Hsich, Gary, Kenney, Kimbra, Gibbs, Clarence J., Lee, Kelvin H. =
and=20
  Harrington, Michael G. The 14-3-3 brain protein in cerebrospinal fluid =
as a=20
  marker for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. The New England =
Journal=20
  of Medicine 1996; 335: 924-930. 5=20
  <LI>4.Harrington, Michael G., Merrill, Carl R., Asher, David M. and =
Gajdusek,=20
  D. Carleton. Abnormal protein in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients =
with=20
  Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. New England Journal of Medicine 1986; 315: =
279-283.=20
  6=20
  <LI>5. Eckroade, Robert J., Zu Rhein, Gabriele M., Marsh, Richard F., =
and=20
  Hanson, Robert P. Transmissible mink encephalopathy: Experimental =
transmission=20
  to the squirrel monkey. Science 1970; 169: 1088-1090. 7=20
  <LI>6.Gajdusek, D. Carleton. Unconventional viruses and the origin and =

  disappearance of kuru. Science 1977; 197: 943-960. 8=20
  <LI>7a. Manuelidis, Elias E. Transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease =
from=20
  man to the guinea pig. Science 1975; 190: 571-572.=20
  <LI>7b. Manuelidis, Elias E., Gorgacz, Edward J. and Manuelidis, =
Laura.=20
  Viremia in experimental Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. Science 1978; 200:=20
  1069-1071. 9=20
  <LI>8. Taylor, David M., Dickinson, A.G., Fraser, H., Robertson, P. =
A.,=20
  Salacinski, P.R. and Lowry, P.J. Preparations of human growth hormone =
free=20
  from contamination with unconventional slow viruses. The Lancet 1985; =
ii:=20
  260-262. 10=20
  <LI>9.Kumar, Sanjay. Aetiology of CJD in India is unknown. Lancet =
1996; 347:=20
  1320. 11=20
  <LI>10. Billette de Villemeur, Thierry, Beauvais, P., Gourmelen, M. =
and=20
  Richardet, J-M. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in children treated with =
growth=20
  hormone. The Lancet 1991; 337: 864-865. 12=20
  <LI>11.Balter, Michael. French scientists may face charges over CJD =
outbreak.=20
  Science 1993; 261: 543. 13=20
  <LI>12.Billette de Villemeur, Thierry, Deslys, Jean-Philippe, Pradel, =
A.,=20
  Soubrie, C., Alp=03rovitch, A., Tardieu, M., Chaussain, J-L., Hauw, =
J-J.,=20
  Dormont, Dominique, Ruberg, M. and Agid, Y. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease =
from=20
  contaminated growth hormone in France. Neurology 1996; 47: 690-695. 14 =

  <LI>13. Dumble, Lynette J. Beef jerkies: Manmade Creutzfeldt-Jakob and =
mad cow=20
  disease. 21_C 1996; iv: 80-81 15=20
  <LI>14.Cochius, Jeffrey I., Mack, K., Burns, R.J., Alderman, C.P. and=20
  Blumbergs, P.C. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in a recipient of human =
pituitary=20
  derived gonadotrophin. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine =
1990;=20
  20: 592-593. 16=20
  <LI>15.Pallot, Peter. `Mad cow' risk facing 300 fertility drug =
treatment=20
  women. The Daily Telegraph [London] September 2, 1993, page 1. 17=20
  <LI>16a.Crooke, Arthur Carleton (with Butt, W.R., Morris, R. and =
Palmer, R).=20
  Pregnancy following treatment with human pituitary follicle =
stimulating=20
  hormone and chorionic gonadotrophin. Acta Endocrinologica 1962; =
Supplement 67:=20
  132 [Abstract].=20
  <LI>16b. Crooke, Arthur Carleton , Butt, W.R., Morris, R., Palmer, =
R.F. and=20
  Edwards, R. Logan. Pregnancy in women with secondary amenorrhoea =
treated with=20
  human gonadotrophins. The Lancet 1964; i: 184-188.=20
  <LI>16c. Crooke, Arthur Carleton, Butt, W.R., Palmer, R.F., Morris, =
R.,=20
  Edwards, R. Logan and Anson, C.J. Clinical trial of human =
gonadotrophins.=20
  I.-The effect of pituitary and urinary follicle stimulating hormone =
and=20
  chorionic gonadotrophin on patients with idiopathic secondary =
amenorrhoea.=20
  Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Commonwealth =
1964; 70:=20
  604-631.=20
  <LI>16d. Crooke, Arthur Carleton, Butt, W.R., and Bertrand, P.V. =
Clinical=20
  trial of human gonadotrophins. III Variation in sensitivity between =
patients=20
  and standardization of treatment. Acta Endocrinologica 1966; 53 =
[Supplement=20
  111]: 3-26.=20
  <LI>16e. Crooke, Arthur Carleton, Sutaria, U.D. and Bertrand, P.V. =
Comparison=20
  of daily with twice-weekly injections of follicle- stimulating hormone =
for=20
  treatment of failure of ovulation. American Journal of Obstetrics and=20
  Gynecology 1971; 111: 405-412.=20
  <LI>16f. Crooke, Arthur Carleton, Sutaria, U.D. and Bertrand, P.V. =
Treatment=20
  of ovarian insufficiency with gonadotrophins. Endocrinologia =
Experimentalis=20
  1973; 7: 275-281. 18=20
  <LI>17a.United States National Pituitary Agency. Report to National =
Institute=20
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December=20
  1975. Submitted May 1, 1976, pages 1-54.=20
  <LI>17b. Bettendorf, G. Human hypophyseal gonadotropin (HHG) and its =
clinical=20
  effects. International Journal of Fertility. 1964; 9: 351-366.=20
  <LI>17c. Gemzell, Carl A., Diczfalusy, Egon and Tillinger, =
Karl-Gunnar.=20
  Clinical effect of human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone [FSH]. =
Journal=20
  of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 1958; 18: 1333-1348. 19=20
  <LI>18. Macario, Maria E., Vaisman, Mario, Buescu, Alexandre, Moura =
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  <LI>19.Slinger, Sonja. Scandal grows as deadly disease claims another =
victim.=20
  The Daily News [New Zealand], April 19, 1996, page 1. 21=20
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Growth=20
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first=20
  international symposium on growth hormone, Milan, Italy, September =
11-13,=20
  1967. Excerpta Medica Foundation, International Congress Series No. =
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